What Is To Be Done? - A Clarion Call for Revolutionary Action and Moral Renewal

Nikolai Chernyshevsky’s seminal work “What Is To Be Done?”, originally published in 1863, stands as a powerful testament to the turbulent intellectual landscape of 19th-century Russia. This groundbreaking treatise, brimming with fervent idealism and incisive social commentary, ignited debate and inspired generations of revolutionaries seeking to dismantle the Tsarist autocracy.

“What Is To Be Done?” is more than just a political pamphlet; it’s a complex tapestry woven from philosophical reflections, sociological observations, and literary critiques. Chernyshevsky, drawing inspiration from utopian socialist thinkers like Saint-Simon and Fourier, envisions a future society free from the shackles of inequality and oppression. He argues passionately for the abolition of private property, the establishment of communal living arrangements, and the emancipation of women.

Central to Chernyshevsky’s vision is the concept of “rational egoism,” which posits that individual happiness can only be achieved through the pursuit of collective well-being. He contends that traditional morality, rooted in religious dogma and aristocratic values, hinders societal progress and perpetuates injustice. Instead, he advocates for a new ethical framework based on reason, empathy, and social responsibility.

The book unfolds through a series of dialogues and philosophical disquisitions, introducing readers to Chernyshevsky’s compelling arguments with clarity and conviction. He analyzes the shortcomings of the existing social order, exposing the hypocrisy and cruelty inherent in Tsarist Russia.

Delving into the Depths: Key Themes and Concepts

To fully grasp the revolutionary significance of “What Is To Be Done?”, it’s crucial to examine its key themes and concepts:

The Literary Landscape: Form and Style

Chernyshevsky employs a distinctive literary style that blends philosophical reasoning with vivid character portraits and dramatic storytelling. “What Is To Be Done?” is not a dry academic treatise but a captivating narrative driven by intellectual fervor and social idealism.

He introduces us to a cast of compelling characters who embody different ideological perspectives:

• Rakhmetov: The idealistic protagonist, embodies Chernyshevsky’s vision for a new society based on reason and equality.
• Lopukhov: A cynical pragmatist who represents the limitations of traditional morality.
• Natasha: A young woman struggling to break free from societal constraints and embrace her intellectual potential.

Through their interactions and debates, Chernyshevsky explores complex ethical dilemmas and challenges readers to confront their own beliefs about justice, freedom, and the nature of society.

A Lasting Legacy: Impact and Influence

“What Is To Be Done?” had a profound impact on Russian intellectual life, sparking widespread debate about the future of the country. The book’s radical ideas resonated with many revolutionaries who saw it as a blueprint for social transformation.

The work’s influence extended beyond Russia, inspiring socialist movements across Europe and contributing to the development of Marxist thought. Lenin himself acknowledged Chernyshevsky’s contribution to revolutionary theory, drawing inspiration from his emphasis on the need for a vanguard party to lead the struggle for socialism.

Production Features: A Glimpse into the Past

Originally published in serialized form in the journal “Sovremennik” (The Contemporary), “What Is To Be Done?” later appeared in book form. The text has undergone numerous revisions and translations, reflecting its enduring relevance and appeal.